Over the past forty years, human demand for renewable resources has overwhelmed the Earth’s capacity to produce them.
During this same period, ecological economists like Kenneth Boulding, Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, Herman Daly and Robert Costanza have been considering the interdependence and coevolution of natural ecosystems and human economies in time and space.
The present economics of utility, efficiency and cost-benefit analysis arose from the 19th century economics, which was based on Newtonian physics.